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贸易术语

2023-05-10 来源:东饰资讯网


贸易术语

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贸易术语

Ex-Works (EXW)

The EXW Incoterm can be used for any merchandise and for any means of transportation. It should be used with the following syntax:

EXW Poughkeepsie, New York, USA, Incoterms 2000

Poughkeepsie is the town in which the exporter will hold the merchandise available to the importer. It is usually located in the exporting country.

Ex-Works (EXW)(工厂交货)

工厂交货术语可以为所有商品和任何交通工具使用。 应术语使用以下句法:ﻫ工厂交货 Poughkeepsie,纽约,美国, 2000通则ﻫPoughkeepsie是出口商取得可出口货物的镇。 它通常位于输出国。

Variant to EXW:

when the exporter and the importer agree that the expense and responsibility of loading the goods should fall on the exporter, it is possible to amend the Incoterm to include this condition. This

is usually accomplished by including “EXW loaded” to the pro-forma invoice. The correct syntax :

EXW Poughkeepsie, New York, USA, Incoterms 2000, loaded

EXW的变形:

当出口商和进口商同意时装载物品的费用和责任应该归于出口商,修正术语使之包括这个情况是可能的。 这通过包括对形式上的发货票的修改为“工厂交货,装载”。 正确句法:

EXW波启浦夕,纽约,美国, 2000通则,装载ﻫ

Delivery under EXW

There is nothing specified in this Incoterm regarding delivery. It occurs at the time that the importer (or the importer’s agent) picks up the goods at the exporter’s plant. This delivery has to take place at a mutually convenient time.

There is no specific transportation document corresponding to the delivery of the goods under this Incoterm, although, if a transportation company is picking up the goods, the exporter will generally be given a copy of the bill of lading or some form of receipt for the goods.

在EXW之下的交付

关于这个交付并没有什么特别的规定,它发生在进口商在出口商的工厂接受货物的时候。这种交付一般在相互方便的时候发生。

在这个术语之下,并没有具体的货物交付的文件,尽管运输公司提货的时候出口商会得到一份提货单或者收据的复印件。

Free Carrier (FCA) 货交承运人

The FCA Incoterm can be used for any merchandise and for any means of transportation, but it was specifically created for goods shipped through multi-modal transportation. This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax:

FCA Castres, France, Incoterms 2000

Castres is the city in which delivery takes place. It is usually located in the exporting country or in a neighboring country.

In an FCA transaction, the exporter delivers the goods to a carrier selected by the importer.

FCA术语适用于任何运输方式,特别是集装箱运输和多式联运。

使用该术语时应用以下句法:

FCA Castres,法国, 2000年通则

Castres是交付发生的城市。 它通常出口国或位于一个邻国。

在FCA条件下,运输方式由进口商指定

Under FCA, the delivery takes place when either of two conditions are met:

If the named point in the Incoterm refers to the exporter’s plant, then delivery takes place when the goods are loaded, by the exporter and at its expense, onto the carrier’s truck.

If the named point in the Incoterm refers to the carrier’s premises, then delivery takes place when the goods are made available to the carrier. The goods are unloaded from the exporter’s truck by the carrier and at the carrier’s expense.

FCA条件下的交付

在FCA之下,当二个情况之一符合时,交付发生

如果指定点在卖方所在处地,则当货物被装至由买方指定的承运人的收货运输工具的时候,卖方完成交货任务。

在其他情况下,当货物在买方指定的交货地,在卖方的交货运输工具上,被交由买方指定

的承运人处置时,卖方完成交货任务。

The document that corresponds clearly to the transfer of responsibility for an FCA shipment is the receipt given by the carrier to the exporter (it can be a bill of lading, a sea waybill, an air waybill, or a multi-modal bill of lading).

在FCA中,明确责任的单据是由承运人交给出口商的,它可以是提货单、海货运单、空运货运单或者一张多式联运的提货单 。

Free Alongside Ship (FAS)船边交货

Although the FAS Incoterm can be used for any merchandise, it is specifically designed for ocean transportation, and is not meant for any other means of transportation or for merchandise that is not destined to be handed to an ocean shipping line at the port of departure. This Incoterm should be used with the following syntax:

FAS Santos, Brazil, Incoterms 2000

Santos is the port in which the delivery takes place. This port is usually located in the exporting country or a neighboring country.

尽管FAS术语可以用于所有货物,但它只适用于海运或者内河运输。

使用该术语时应用以下句法:

FAS 桑托斯,巴西, 2000年通则

桑托斯是交付发生的口岸。 这个口岸通常位于进口国或一个邻国。

Delivery under FAS

The delivery officially takes place when the exporter has delivered the goods “alongside” a ship designated by the importer.

There is no transport document that clearly corresponds to a delivery to a holding area or to the quay alongside the ship.

A dock receipt from the port authorities may be sufficient; however, this lack of clear evidence of delivery should be a substantial deterrent to the use of the FAS Incoterm.

FAS术语下的交付

当出口商将货物送到进口商指定的船边的时候,出口商完成交付任务

没有明确地对应于交付于保有地带或于沿着船的码头的运输单据。从港务局的码头的

收据应该是对使用的一个坚固制止物。

港口基础设施

Port infrastructure is made up of several items, most of which are interconnected and obviously affect the type of ships that can call on a given port, as well as the type of merchandise that can transit through it.

With the advent of the much larger post-Panamax containerships, ports have been faced with many challenges. Specifically, the size of those ships is stretching the capabilities of the ports: they are wider, longer, higher above the water, and have a much deeper draft.

港口基础设施有几个项目组成,这些项目大多数都是相互联系的。而且明显地影响可以拜访一个给定港口的船只种类,同时也影响运送,经由它的货物的种类。

随着最长的超巴拿马型集装箱船只的出现,港口开始面临着很多挑战,特别地是,那些船只的型号大小正在拉伸港口的承载力功能,使它们需要更宽,更长,更高于水面,并且拥有一个更深的汇票

Depth of Water 港口水的深度

The first issue is undoubtedly the depth of the water. In m

any ports, the depth of the channels and of the berths is not sufficient to accommodate such large ships. Therefore, in a great number of ports, the port authorities have had to engage in dredging activities in order to allow ships with drafts exceeding forty feet (13.5 meters) to access the port. Only a few ports with naturally deep channels have been exempt from this activity.

第一个问题无疑是港口水的深度,也叫港口的汇票。在许多港口,渠道和泊位的深度,已经可以充分的调解巴拿马极限型船,但是不能充分的调解更新更长的船只,因此,在绝大多数的港口,港口当局为了允许那些拥有汇票超过14英尺的船只接近港口,已经不得不从事于清淤、挖掘的活动,只有少数有着自然的深度通道的港口在这次活动中被豁免。

Cranes

Ports have found out that the width of those post-Panamax ships can also be a challenge for their cranes. Some of the post-Panamax ships can load sixteen or more containers side-by-side. This presents a problem for ports in which the cranes cannot reach. One alternative is to load the ship from one side, turn the ship around, and then load the rest of the container. The problem is one of balance, as the ship will seriously list if it is heavier on one side.

Another obvious alternative is for ports to increase the reach of the cranes.

港口终端已经发现那些超巴拿马型船只的宽度,也可以成为它们起重机的一个挑战。传统的巴拿马极限型船只可以最多装载13个有着船只宽度的集装箱。一些超巴拿马型船只可以一个挨着一个地装载18个集装箱。这代表着港口的一个问题在于起重机无法够到船只的最远一边。

港口通过装载从船只的一边向船只的周围接着再装载剩余的集装箱。问题是中间的一个平衡,因为如果一边偏重的话,船就会有严重地管理它们在起重机承载力上的缺陷。

另一个明显的选择是对于港口来增加起重机的延伸度。

Bridge Clearance桥下的空隙

Another factor of great importance in ports is the clearance under its bridges. In many older ports, such as New York-New Jersey, the bridegs are too close to the water, leaving very litter clearance for tall ships or ships for which the cargo is outsized. In some cases, the cargo has to be partially dismantled or repositioned, or the ship lowered with ballast water and the delivery made at low tide so that it clears the bridge span.

另外一个在港口中很重要的因素是它的桥下的空隙。在许多旧的港口,例如纽约—纽泽西,它的桥台接近于水面,以至于给那些高的船只或者装有外部货物的船只留有非常小的空隙。有时候,一些货物不得不被部分地拆除或者重新放置,或者利用压载水降低船只,并且在低潮时进行交货来使其通过桥的跨度。

Port Operations管理方式

Another issue in ports is the way the port is managed, particularly its work rules, which are often dictated by strong unions.

另一个港口问题是港口的管理方式,尤其是它的运作方式,通常是由强大的工会所指挥的。

Warehousing Space 仓库存储空间

Finally, it is critical to understand the amount of warehouse storage space that exists in the port. In most instances, it is necessary for merchandise to be placed in some storage areas that are protected from the elements (specifically rain and sun).If these storage areas are not available or are overcrowed, then it’s likely that cargo will be left exposed, leading to possible damages.

最后,批判性地理解存在于港口的仓库存储空间的数量。在大多数情况下,对于货物来说被放置在一些存储区域是有必要的。这可以使它们远离一些元素(特别是雨水和阳光)。如果这些存储区域无法使用或者过度拥挤,那么就可能使货物处于暴露状态,导致损坏的可能。

Connections with Land-Based Transportation Serices与剩余的

国家运输基础设施的联系

Yet another issue in a port is its connections to the remainder of the country’s transport infrastructure, such as rail and road access. In some cases, there is so much congestion in the access roads to port terminals that cargo can be delayed substantially; such is the case in many ports in South.

另一个港口问题在于它们与剩余的国家运输基础设施的联系。例如铁路交通和公路交通。有时候,在通往港口终端的可使用的公路过于拥挤,使得货物在大体上被延迟。

Insurance Glossary 保险术语

Average(海损费用 )— A loss incurred on an ocean voyage by a cargo owner. It can be further qualified as a Particular Average or as a General Average.

Average(海损费用 )— 货主在海上运输过程中发生的损失,该损失可以进一步被细分为共同海损或者单独海损

General Average(共同海损 )—A loss incurred on an ocean voyage that involves all of the cargo owners on board, such as the case where the captain of the ship tosses overboard some of the cargo (see Jettison) to save the ship and the remainder of the cargo, or when the captain decides to ground the ship to preve

nt a total loss. The owners of the cargo saved by this action are indebted to the owners of the cargo sacrificed and to the owners of the ship.

General Average(共同海损 )—在海上航行时发生的共同损失,就是说它涉及了船上所有货物的货主。当船长为了挽救船只,船员或者剩下的货物而采取损失一部分货物的行动时,共同海损就产生了,例如,船长为了防止整体损失而决定让船只搁浅。

Particular Average(单独海损 )—A partial loss incurred on an ocean voyage; the cargo may have become wet from seawater, or may have been damaged by rough seas.

Particular Average(单独海损 )—单独海损由特定的货主承担,例如,货物可能被海水打湿或者被波涛汹涌的海浪所损坏。

Jettison(除去, 放弃 )—The act of throwing overboard part of the cargo of a ship (or the fuel of an airplane) in an attempt to lighten the ship. The purpose of such an action is to save the ship, the remainder of the cargo, and the crew.

Jettison(除去, 放弃 )—为了减轻船只或飞机质量而将一部分货物扔出舱外的行为,其目的是为了挽救船只,其他货物及船员

Barratry(船长[船员]的不法行为 )—An act of disobedience or willful misconduct by the captain or the crew of a ship that causes

damage to the ship or the cargo.

Barratry(船长[船员]的不法行为 )—船长或者船员采取的违规行为或者故意的不正当行为为给货物或者船只造成的损失。

Peril—The event that brings about a loss. For example, a fire, a collision, and a flood are perils.

危害—带来损失的事件。例如大火,撞船或者洪水等。

Hazard—A situation which increases the probability of a peril and therefore of a loss. For example, a hazard would be a storm, which increases the probability of the peril of water damage, or a poorly trained crew, which increases the probability of the peril of grounding.

灾害—一种增加了发生危害的可能性从而导致损失的情况。例如,灾害可能是一场风暴,因为它增加发生时水渍损失的可能性;或者是一批缺乏训练的船员,因为他们可能导致不适当装载从而造成损失。

Risk—The chance or the probability of a loss. There are different types of risks.

风险—发生损失的可能性或者概率。风险有很多种

远洋服务类型 Types of service

First ,Liner ships(班轮) travel on a regular voyage, following a pre-established schedule, and with determined ports of call.

Unlike liners, tramp ships (不定期货船)operate wherever the market dictates. They do not operate on a regular schedule but travel wherever the company using the vessel wants the cargo delivered. (usually carry only one type of cargo at a time , most tramp ships therefore are designed for one type of cargo exclusively )

a tramp vessel is a taxicab (出租车), whereas a liner ship is a public bus

首先,班轮船舶定期出差旅行后,需要遵循一个预先确定的时间表,并且确定港口。

不像班轮一样不定期货轮的经营有市场决定。他们没有按照特定的经营安排但是在任何地方旅行公司使用船只要交付的货物。(通常一次运输只有一种货物,因此大多数不定期货轮是专为一类货物而设计)。

不定期货轮就像是1辆出租车,班轮就像公共汽车

包装功能

There are three main functions that correct packaging should have:

正确包装应该包括三个主要功能:

The protection of the goods from the hazards of international shipping by ocean or by air.

在国际海运或空运中保护货物免受损害

The second function of correct packaging is to facilitate the handling of goods while they are in transit.

其次,正确包装应该在运输时便于搬运货物

Correct packaging is part of the customer service strategy of the firm.

正确包装是公司客户服务战略的一部分

Protecting the goods in transit from breakage

保护货物不在运输中破损

Protecting the goods from water damag

保护货物不受水潮

Protecting the goods from theft and pilferage

保护货物不被盗窃

HS

The HS is accompanied by a series of six General Rules of Interpretation, which detail how an importer should arrive at the correct HS code for an entry :

1. The section, chapter, and heading only serve as guides, and the correct classification may be in a different section, chapter, and heading altogether.

类、章及分章的标题,仅为查找方便而设,正确的商品归类可能在完全不同的其他类、章和分章。具有法律效力的归类,应按品目条文和有关类注或章注确定,如品目、类注或章注无其他规定,按以下规则确定。

2. The classification of an incomplete or unfinished product is that of the finished product. For example, shipments that contain all of the subassemblies for a final product should be classified as the final product rather than as individual parts. This is true of chemical compounds as well.

不完整品或未制成品的分类应该与制成品相同。如,装运某制成品所需的所有的部件组

件时,应该按照制成品而不是个别零件进行商品归类。这对于制成品所需的所有材料或物质在商品归类时同样适用(即不是按照各材料归类而是按照制成品归类)。

3. When in doubt between two classifications, the one with the most specific description is the correct one. However, if the product is made up of several parts, each of which would lead to a different classification, then the classification that lends it its “essential character” is the correct one.

当由于其他原因看起来可以归入两个或两个以上品目时,列名比较具体的品目,优先于列名一般的品目。但是,如果产品由是数个零件构成,而每个零件属于不同的品目,应按构成货品基本特征的材料或部件归类。

4. When there is no category under which a specific product can be classified, then the classification that should be used is that of a product that would be most like it.根据上述规则无法归类的货品,应归入与其最相类似的品目。

5. Containers and packaging materials are classified with the products with which they enter: such would be the case for camera case, for example. However, if the container has usage beyond the product itself, then it must be entered and classified separately.

容器和包装材料按照其所装的货物进行归类,如相机套。然后,如果容器不仅仅是用来保

护商品本身的,则应该单独归类。

6.When comparing classifications, only descriptions at the same level should be compared;

当商品在某一品目项下各子目的(比较)归类,只能在同一数级子目上进行。货品在某一品目项下各子目的法定归类,应按子目条文或有关的子目注释以及以上各条规则来确定,但子目的比较只能在同一数级上进行。除《协调制度》条文另有规定的以外,有关的类注、章注也适用于本规则。

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